For a presentation and discussion of different variants of informed consent to research on individual treatment data, see e.g:

Central Ethics Committee at the German Medical Association (2023). Provision and use of treatment data for research purposes. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 120(9), A-409 / B-349, 8-12. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.zeko_sn_behandlungsdaten2022_en.

Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L., & Kass, N. E. (2014). Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care. The New England journal of medicine,  370(8), 766–768. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhle1313674

Millum, J., & Bromwich, D. (2021). Informed Consent: What Must Be Disclosed and What Must Be Understood? The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(5), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1863511

De Vries, R.G., Tomlinson, T., Kim, H.M. et al. (2016). The moral concerns of biobank donors: the effect of non-welfare interests on willingness to donate. Life Sci Soc Policy ,12(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-016-0036-4

In more detail on the challenge of obtaining informed consent in medical research when complex information technologies are involved, see:

Richter, G., Loh, W., Buyx, A., & von Kielmansegg, S. G. (2022). Einleitung. In G. Richter, W. Loh, A. Buyx, & S. Graf von Kielmansegg (Eds.), Datenreiche Medizin und das Problem der Einwilligung: Ethische, rechtliche und sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven (pp. 1-8). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62987-1_1